“They look happy. What’s their parenting secret? See more parenting pictures.©iStockphoto.com/monkeybusinessimages
For some parents and soon-to-be parents, there are two different parenting styles: good and bad. And while all parents want to be the good kind, it’s not that simple. Parents have different backgrounds, childhood experiences, cultural beliefs, temperaments and approaches to parenting. Additionally, kids themselves have different needs and personalities, sometimes requiring different parenting styles from one sibling to the next.
When we refer to parenting styles, we’re not referring to any one particular thing a parent may do, but rather, broadly grouped approaches that take several different factors into account. Using "time-outs" doesn’t necessarily fall into one style or another, but the context and frequency with which they’re used is dependent on one style or another.
Parenting styles have been studied by developmental psychologists since the 1920s. Of course, the beliefs of experts have changed over the years, as well as social mores and overall awareness of child development by parent and psychologist alike. Some of these "styles" were first identified and defined by psychologist Diana Baumrind. Others have emerged independently, as new parenting trends, fashions and approaches came into being (such as attachment parenting, which we’ll learn about shortly).
Regardless of the style, each represents a traditional and acceptable variation in parenting. So what are your options? If you’re currently wearing your child as a semi-permanent accessory, you may be familiar with the first one we’ll discuss.
Contents
- Attachment Parenting
- Authoritarian Parenting
- Permissive Parenting
- Authoritative Parenting
- Active Parenting
Attachment Parenting
“With attachment parenting, you’ll be sharing the bed.©iStockphoto.com/ilona75
Attachment parenting is a relative newcomer as a parenting style. It was developed in the late 1990s by Dr. William Sears and his wife, Martha. Their work was based upon the earlier study of "attachment theory" by John Bowlby, which stresses the importance of child bonding, achieved through lots of direct physical contact with at least one parent.
The goal of attachment parenting is to become highly attuned to a child’s needs and maintain this closeness as a child grows and develops. This form of close bonding starts as soon as the child and mother are able to be together following birth (even if there’s a delay due to medical issues or a difficult pregnancy).
This parenting style places great importance on breast-feeding in the belief that this is the most natural and intense early bonding experience for a mother and child. Another important aspect of attachment parenting is baby-wearing, in which the mother (or father) straps the child to her body using a harness, vest or any number of other devices. Bonding also occurs through co-sleeping, which is when the parents sleep in the same room as the child, sometimes even in the same bed.
So why does bonding have such importance in attachment parenting? This parenting style promotes the belief that discipline is best achieved when you fully know your child and your child fully trusts you. As the child ages, the terms of separation are negotiated between parent and child, and boundaries are slowly pushed outward. (This can be as simple as explaining to your child that you’re dropping him or her off with a relative for the afternoon so that you can run some errands, but you’ll be back.) This begins to foster independence and self-confidence in the child.
Being a fairly recent arrival on the scene, there’s not much in the way of long-term studies for attachment therapy. Though it has many fervent believers, there is also concern that attachment parenting produces kids who are overly dependent and parents who are exhausted from setting such high expectations for themselves as constant nurturers. But, again, there aren’t long-term studies to support either opinion.
If you root for the underdog, the next parenting style may not be for you.
Authoritarian Parenting
The style of authoritarian parenting didn’t come by its name by accident. In this style of parenting (which was defined by Diana Baumrind), parents interact with kids through commands and directives. They leave no room for debate, and children have no hope of overruling decisions handed down by what is essentially the Household Supreme Court. Authoritarian parents maintain strict discipline, and moral and behavioral issues are very black-and-white. The gray area is left for other parenting styles to sort out.
Supporters of the authoritarian parenting style point out that it provides an extremely structured, reliable, consistent environment for the child to grow up in. Detractors have a few quibbles, saying that it doesn’t foster independence or the ability to think for oneself. They also assert that authoritarian parenting can destroy a child’s self-confidence and result in teenage rebellion (but then again, an authoritarian parent may retort, what parenting style doesn’t?).
When laying down the rules, parents using this approach don’t put much effort into exploring the reasons why certain things must be done a certain way. They don’t get embroiled in deep philosophical debates with their kids or give them leeway should rules be bent. Authoritarian parents tend to micromanage their child’s life and provide endless rules in order to govern every aspect of it. Punishment tends to be excessive.
At best, a child raised with this style is extremely disciplined and obedient and has a clear concept of right versus wrong. At worst, a child of authoritarian parents can’t direct his or her own actions, suffers from high anxiety and low self-esteem, and can’t determine right or wrong when placed in situations that fall outside the framework of household laws.
Next, we’ll explore the parenting style that kids growing up under authoritarian regimes only dream of.
Permissive Parenting
The style of permissive parenting (also recognized by Baumrind) is essentially the polar opposite of authoritarian parenting. Instead of laying down the law to a child, a permissive parent tends to respond positively to the demands of the child. Wishes are fulfilled, toys are purchased, and "wants" generally are handled like "needs." In many cases, kids get to live the carefree childhood that their parents may not have had in their youth.
Using this style (whether consciously or by default), permissive parents strive to create a warm, supportive environment that fosters individuality. Kids don’t receive the same degree of direct supervision as with other parenting styles, in the hope that the child will develop self-discipline. When discipline problems do arise, permissive parents aren’t as responsive, and set low expectations for advancement in the child’s maturity and level of responsibility.
A permissive parent usually tries to be friends with the child, instead of assuming the role of authority figure. Parents may pacify their children with gifts, games and distractions (especially if they feel they don’t have enough time to spend with their kids).
One problem with permissive parenting is that it doesn’t really integrate the child into the family/household structure. While given space to be a kid, the child isn’t expected to help out with "adult" chores or even cleaning up their own messes. Using the permissive parenting style, you may raise a child to have a strong sense of individuality and mental flexibility. However, you may also raise a spoiled brat.
Doesn’t it seem like there should be a style that is a perfect blend of the authoritarian parenting style and the permissive parenting style? Keep reading to see if such a parenting style exists.
Safety First?
Teen drivers raised by parents who use the authoritarian parenting style are twice as likely to wear their seatbelts and half as likely to speed than teen drivers raised by parents who used a permissive parenting style [source: Gordon].
Authoritative Parenting
“Authoritative parenting is meant to be the ideal blend between permissive and authoritarian.©iStockphoto.com/mammamaart
Along with the concepts of authoritarian and permissive parenting, Baumrind developed the concept of authoritative parenting. This style of parenting adopts the better aspects of permissive parenting and authoritarian parenting. Between those two extremes, parents hope to raise a well-adjusted kid.
Authoritative parenting attempts to provide a balanced approach that places importance on nurturing a child, but within appropriate behavioral boundaries.
The parent has expectations for the child that increase as the child grows older. Unlike permissive parenting, there is accountability. The authoritative parent doesn’t ignore rebellion, and stands strong when a child refuses to do as told. However, unlike authoritarian parenting, the parent explains why things are done a certain way, not just how (and not just, "Now!"). While being firm and consistent, the parent makes an effort not to be invasive, intimidating or domineering.
Ideally, children raised under the style of authoritative parenting will be responsible, self-monitoring and self-confident. They will be able to make decisions about right and wrong based on a solid foundation of ethical instruction and discussion, and not just based on a list of do’s and don’ts. When a child does stray outside the lines of acceptable behavior, he or she will understand the consequences of doing so. Authoritative parents don’t rely on doling out punishment as a means of correcting behavior, but rather prefer to use positive reinforcement and encouragement when the child is behaving appropriately.
This style probably presents the most difficult balance to achieve, but Baumrind presented it as the best of the three styles she identified. Upon hearing this, permissive parents would probably let it slide, while authoritarian parents would send her to her room with a scolding.
Active Parenting
The concepts behind the parenting style of active parenting are based upon the mid-20th-century research of social psychologists Alfred Adler and Rudolf Dreikurs. This was expanded by parenting expert Dr. Michael Popkin in 1983 with the introduction of the world’s first video-based parenting program, Active Parenting(TM), in which the term “active parenting” was introduced to a wider audience. In its contemporary form, active parenting involves a continuing quest on the part of the parents to improve their parenting skills and stay abreast of new developments in child psychology and teaching methods.
Active parents take a proactive approach to parenting, as opposed to waiting for problems or issues to develop before they are addressed. They try to beat the problem to the punch and increase a child’s awareness of an inevitable childhood issue (such as bullying or peer pressure) before it arises in the child’s life.
By focusing early on developing a foundation of self-esteem, confidence and responsibility, active parents hope to augment the integrity, character and decision-making skills of their children.
One big advantage of active parenting is that it breaks the cycle of raising your child the same way you were raised. Under this system, you’re constantly studying and refining your own concept of what it means to be a good parent. This constant effort to become a better parent should in turn result in a better kid, and this symbiotic relationship can foster a mutual respect between parent and child. It also prevents the tendency of some parents to raise their children the exact opposite of how they were raised in an attempt to protect the child from the unhappiness and resentment they experienced in their own childhoods.
Active parenting has its disadvantages, too. It can be time-intensive, guilt-motivated, and include lots of fad techniques one may learn and employ out of fear of missing out on the next big breakthrough in raising children.
If you’d like to do more reading on parenting, check out the next page for lots more articles.
Originally Published: Jan 8, 2010
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Sources
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- Baumrind, Diana. "Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior." Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88. 1966.http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html
- Baumrind, Diana. "Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior." Child Development, 37(4), 887-907. 1966.http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html
- Boccella, E. "Effects of the Active Parenting program on attitudinal change of parents, parent perceived behavioral change of children, and parent perceived change in family environment (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University, 1987)." (Feb. 3, 2010)http://www.activeparenting.com/researchabstracts.htm
- Darling, Nancy, PhD, MS. Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. March 1999. (Feb. 3, 2010) http://www.athealth.com/Practitioner/ceduc/parentingstyles.html
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- Gordon, Serena. "Firm parents keep teen drivers safe." U.S. News & World Report. Sep. 25, 2009.http://www.usnews.com/health/family-health/childrens-health/articles/2009/09/25/firm-parents-keep-teen-drivers-safe.html
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